Overview
Rwanda is a multicultural county with three main ethnicities Hutu (85%), Tutsi (14%), and Twa (1%) (2002 est.: Encyclopaedia Britannica). Upon gaining independence from Belgium in 1962, Rwanda, much like numerous former colonised nations, grappled with exacerbated ethnic tensions and conflict rooted in the colonial legacy, ultimately culminating in a civil war in 1990.In 1994, the Rwandan civil war exacerbated ethnic tensions across the country and culminated in one of the worst genocides (CIA Factbook 2021).
In post-genocide Rwanda, the state strove to foster reconciliation and focused attention on promoting a new national identity that emphasised unity and ignored ethnic differences. The educational sector acted as the main implementation arm through its civic education curriculum (Russell 2008). In 2015, Rwanda launched its “National Cultural Heritage Policy” which aimed at emphasising a collective “Rwandan culture, identity and values” and linking cultural promotion as a tool to drive forward the country’s development efforts. While such efforts aim to prevent hate speech and further conflicts, it may deter platforms and interactions to promote interculturalism.
Intercultural Dialogue Index (ICDI) Score
| Component | Score |
| Legislative Dimension | 0.45 |
| Multiculturalism | 0.57 |
| Anti-Discrimination | 0.33 |
| Structural Dimension | 0.22 |
| Social Contact | 0.00 |
| Fractionalisation | 0.75 |
| Inequality | 0.04 |
| Access to communication | 0.09 |
| Cohesion and Stability | 0.28 |
| Opportunities Dimension | 0.63 |
| Attitudes | 0.79 |
| Inclusion | 0.70 |
| Freedoms and Rights | 0.40 |
| ICDI Score | 0.43 |
Summary
Rwanda has attained an overall ICDI score of 0.43. A score of 0.79 in the component of intercultural attitudes indicates a relative improved level of social tolerance and moderate levels of racist attitudes towards different ethnic groups. A score of 0.70 in the inclusion component signals the presence of minority representation in the form of inclusion and relative improvement in intergroup relations. However, a score of 0.00 in the levels of social contact indicates limited cultural participation because of scarce availability of diversified cultural centres, and few living Indigenous or immigrant languages. Furthermore, a score of -0.04 in the component of inequality indicates negative levels of economic inequality.
Current situation and outlook
Compared to its moderately positive situation pertaining to its opportunities dimension, Rwanda achieves lower than average scores in some components of its legislative and structural dimensions. A lower score in the structural dimension can be attributed to the components of social contact, (in)equality, and access to communication. Rwanda’s ICDI score could improve if opportunities for social contact and avenues for communication to take place are created and sustained. Additionally, Rwanda can enhance its legislative dimension further by promoting migrant integration measures, creating, and sustaining anti-discrimination acts and/or policies.